The number of serfs ("manor peasants ") approached the number of 14 million. They paid taxes and were subject to recruitment, but, in comparison with the serfs – peasants of the landlords, – they were much better off, freer and had owned more land. The most numerous estate/class was the Peasantry with over 30 million people, half of whom were state owned peasants. The country finally received a class system. Rights, duties and privileges of particular classes and class groups were legally secured in Russia in the second half of the XVIII Century. Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo and later it was extended to Pavlovsk.
The first "entertainment" rail-road was built in 1836–1837 between St. The situation started to change with the beginning of construction of the rail-roads. A trip across the Russian off-road could have taken long-long weeks and sometimes even months. Where there were no navigable rivers, cargo and passengers were transported on unpaved roads. In the XVIII and the first half XIX Century the main flow of goods within the country was by river. On Augwas issued a Manifesto on the freedom of trade and economic activities.įor a long time, the weak point in the Russian economy were the roads. Export of Russian goods significantly exceeded imports, and its structure has changed – besides bread, flax, furs, hemp and timber, export of metals became increasingly important. In the 1770s there were 1600 of them, but the most famous was the Makariev (later Nizhny Novgorod) fair, which annually attracted piles of goods from all over the Empire and foreign countries.
Trade fairs were set at the intersections of trade routes. The abolition of domestic customs duties had significantly enlarged the domestic market, which now included Belarus, Ukraine, the Black Sea and Azov Sea regions, Kuban and Crimea. Russia gained the first place in the world for smelting of iron. In the first quarter of the XVIII Century besides the traditional centers of metallurgy (Tula, Olonets and others) a new one began to develop, the one that determined the country's industry – the Urals mining district.
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